J​i​n​ ​Q​i​s​h​i​ ​L​u​n

“Jin Qishi Lun” was translated from an Indian Sāṃkhya treatise and is traditionally recorded as translated by Paramārtha. The Sāṃkhya school explained the world and liberation through categories such as the twenty-five principles, puruṣa, and prakṛti, and long served as an important reference for Buddhist scholastics analyzing non-Buddhist thought. The inclusion of this work in the Chinese Buddhist canon demonstrates that Buddhist translation systems preserved not only internal Buddhist scriptures, but also intellectual materials closely related to Buddhist debate and the understanding of Indian philosophy. This item is a three-volume edition marked as a 1637 movable-type printing, suitable for research on Paramārtha’s translations, Indian philosophical texts in the Buddhist canon, and East Asian reception of Sāṃkhya thought.